Java Full-Stack Index Q1/2023: Databases
The content of this page is identical throughout Q1/2023 - January, February, and March.
Summary for Q1/2023
- Popularity trend: MySQL is #1, Postgres #2, and MongoDB is #3. After some turbulence, MySQL and MongoDB are back to their October 2021 values: MySQL leads Postgres 1.4:1, MongoDB has 70% of Postgres’ numbers. Postgres and MongoDB are nearly at peak values at Stack Overflow.
- On your current project, keep your existing database unless that database is absolutely, irrevocably, really not working out for you.
- If you need to switch databases or are on a new project:
- If you know that you’ll need the NoSQL features and/or scalability, and you can’t get this with MySQL, then use MongoDB.
- Otherwise, use MySQL.
Archive
| 2022 | Q4 | Q3 | Jun | May | Apr | Mar | Feb | Jan |
| 2021 | Dec | Nov |
Table Of Contents
Choices
Here are the choices in alphabetical order:
- Apache Cassandra
- Couchbase
- MongoDB
- Oracle’s MySQL
- Neo4j
- Postgres (“PostgreSQL” is the correct but longer name)
I’m only listing open-source products here. I don’t include commercial databases (like Oracle or Microsoft SQL Server) or cloud-proprietary databases (like Amazon DynamoDB or Google Cloud Spanner). Why?
For commercial and cloud products, many other factors play a role in deciding for or against a product - money, legal considerations, existing contracts, vendor relations, etc. Restricting myself to open-source products means limiting myself to technical concerns only - or so I hope, at least.
I also have no production experience with NoSQL databases. So I looked at the databases that Spring Data supports and picked what I think are the general applicable NoSQL databases. Please tell me if I picked the wrong ones here!
Popularity
Why Popularity - and How?
Picking a popular technology makes our developer life easier: Easier to learn, easier to build, debug & deploy, easier to find jobs/hire, and easier to convince teammates & bosses. Now popularity can make a difference in two situations: When multiple technologies score similarly, we could go for the most popular one. And when a technology is very unpopular, we may not use it.
I measure popularity among employers and developers as the trend between competing technologies. I count mentions in job ads at Indeed for employer popularity. For developer popularity, I use Google searches, Udemy course buyers, and Stack Overflow questions.
Employers: Job Ads
The Indeed job search is active in 62 countries. I picked 59 countries representing 69% of the worldwide GDP in 2022, excluding three countries because English word searches proved ineffective there: China, Japan, and South Korea. Job searches demonstrate the willingness of organizations to pay for a technology - the strongest indicator of popularity in my mind. Postgres is the baseline.
This is the first time I exclude China, Japan, and South Korea from the ranking because English word searches proved ineffective there. I adjusted all past numbers as well for this issue, so they are different from past issues. And because of technical difficulties on my end, I don’t have the numbers for October 2022.
For comparison, here’s the last chart version with China, Japan, and South Korea from Q4/2022. MongoDB, Cassandra, Couchbase, and Neo4j are generally about a third higher now than before.
MySQL wins, Postgres is second, and MongoDB is third. MySQL swung from parity with Postgres to double its values in the last six months. MySQL is now back to where it started in October 2021, leading Postgres 1.4:1. MongoDB even overtook Postgres but is also back to the 70% from October 2021. Cassandra lost 40% and Couchbase 60%. Neo4j held steady at 4% and swapped places with Couchbase.
Please see here for details, caveats, and adjustments to the job ad mentions.
You can find the detailed search results with links here. They include breakdowns by continents:
Developers
Students at Udemy
Udemy is one of the biggest online learning sites. They publish the number of people who bought a course (beyond a certain threshold, possibly around 100k). This shows how many people evaluate a technology. MongoDB is the baseline. Cassandra, Couchbase, and Neo4j haven’t crossed Udemy’s reporting threshold (possibly around 100,000 students).
MySQL wins, but now MongoDB places second while Postgres is third. MySQL still leads MongoDB nearly 3:1, but MongoDB slowly gains on MySQL. After slowly dropping against MongoDB for a year, Postgres is now slowly growing again.
Here are the links that show the courses for all and the number of students for some:
Google Searches
Google Trends demonstrates the initial interest in a technology over time.
Google changed its measurement algorithms on January 1, 2016, and January 1, 2022. That caused spikes for all values, especially in 2022.
This link produces the chart. Google Trends only allows five choices, so here’s the link with Couchbase instead of Neo4j - it doesn’t make a difference to the overall picture.
Like Java, MySQL still leads the pack at 1/7 of its peak popularity from 2004. Unlike Java, MySQL’s competitors caught up more: Postgres and MongoDB have a third of MySQL’s volume.
Let’s zoom in on the last three years:
This link produces the chart above.
MySQL wins, Postgres is second, and MongoDB is third. MySQL declined back to where it started nearly three years ago. Postgres and MongoDB grew slightly with almost identical values. Neo4j and Cassandra are both flat, barely above zero.
Here’s the link with Couchbase instead of Neo4j - it also hovers barely above zero, just like Neo4j.
Questions at Stack Overflow
Stack Overflow Trends shows which percentage of questions at Stack Overflow has a particular technology tag. It is a proxy for using a technology during evaluation and productive use. “More questions = better” to me.
This link produces the chart above.
MySQL wins, Postgres is second, and MongoDB places third. MySQL lost 63% of its question volume since peaking in early 2014. MongoDB and Postgres have been neck-to-neck for the last five years, with Postgres being ahead for the past 2.5 years. Both are nearly at their peak values. Neo4j and Cassandra decrease in lockstep. Couchbase barely hovers above zero.
Analysis
SQL or NoSQL?
When picking a database, we first have to decide whether we want to use a relational database (SQL) or one that foregoes said relations (NoSQL). Relational databases have been around for 40 years. They are trusted workhorses, and we know their strengths and weaknesses. NoSQL is the new kid on the block. So what does it offer that relational databases don’t?
I’ve never used NoSQL in production. So here’s my outside view of the NoSQL advantages. Please correct me if I’m wrong!
Schemaless
We don’t define tables ahead of time. We just start saving our objects. If we add new properties to our classes, we just save them, which changes our database.
No joins
Database normalization is a best practice in relational databases: We keep our tables separate, link them with foreign key relationships, and query them with joins. An example is an order table in an online shop with a customer_id column that links it to our customer table. So far, so good. But when our tables have many records, table joins can be slow or sometimes even impossible to run. It’s my understanding that with NoSQL, there are no joins, and you embed duplicate data from the joined table into your original table. In other words: Denormalization.
Better scaling
When your relational database gets too big for a single server, or that server isn’t fast enough, or you want redundancy, then things get hairy in the relational world: You use sharding to split your data across servers, or you set up database clusters for fail-over and redundancy. None of this is part of the relational model, so it differs from database to database. And running a database cluster with multiple main nodes that our applications can write to is tricky to set up. Not so with NoSQL databases: They were designed to scale, or so they say, and all of this is a lot easier.
Again, without any production experience in NoSQL, I’ve got issues with two of these advantages.
Schemaless
When adding new columns to tables, the ALTER TABLE statement is the least of our problems in my experience. The more significant issue is: How do I fill these new columns meaningfully for my existing data? Let’s say we add a date_of_birth column to a customer table. The default value is probably null. So how do I get the date of birth for all my existing customers? I don’t see how this is getting easier with NoSQL: I still only have one default for my new dateOfBirth property, and I similarly need to somehow get the date of birth for the existing customers.
Still, if we want schemaless in our relational databases, we can also get (most of) that: MySQL has a JSON datatype, as does Postgres.
No joins
Joins don’t work well - or not at all - if we have a lot of records. This means that if we don’t have many records, then joins work just fine. And it seems to me that we can denormalize data just as well in our relational database: We can duplicate the customer columns in the order table if we want to.
The data duplication in NoSQL databases and in denormalized relational ones has side effects, too: If we have properties/columns with customer data in a couple of classes/tables, then we need to update all of them in addition to our main customer class/table when customer data changes.
I’ve also heard that with NoSQL databases, we need to know how we’ll use the data and how we’ll query it before we start storing data. I suppose that’s because of the “no joins” duplication of data. But that doesn’t make much sense to me: Can’t we simply duplicate customer data into our order class after we created the order class? Isn’t the schemaless nature of NoSQL making that especially easy?
To me, the one clear advantage of NoSQL databases over relational databases is better scalability. So if we have a ton of data, then NoSQL databases work better because they were designed for that use case.
Now not all is lost for the relational database fans among us. If you want to host your own database server, then a product like CockroachDB is right for you: A NoSQL database that acts as a relational database on the outside. In the case of CockroachDB, it behaves like Postgres, minus features like stored procedures, triggers, and such. If you need your database in the cloud, then vendors like Amazon, Google, and Microsoft are happy to scale relational databases for you.
Assessment
So here’s my assessment of the candidates:
- There was a time when MySQL was synonymous with “database on the internet”. I mean, MySQL was the “M” in “LAMP stack”, the dominating architecture for hosting websites in the early 2000s. It’s still the most popular database, but it has declined a lot. Being bought by Sun and then Oracle didn’t do MySQL any favors. Neither did the free fork MariaDB, created by one of the MySQL founders.
- Postgres has always played second fiddle to MySQL. And that for a database that defines itself as the “the World’s Most Advanced Open Source Relational Database”! But Postgres does have the image of being more sophisticated than MySQL. What it does have for sure is the concept of extensions that can safely add new functionality.
- MongoDB is the most popular NoSQL database on this list.
- I don’t know much about Cassandra, Couchbase, and Neo4j, except that they are much less popular than MongoDB (and decreasing) and, besides Cassandra, are barely mentioned in job ads.
This is my recommendation:
- On your current project, keep your existing database unless that database is absolutely, irrevocably, really not working out for you.
- If you need to switch databases or are on a new project:
- If you know that you’ll need the NoSQL features and/or scalability, and you can’t get this with MySQL, then use MongoDB.
- Otherwise, use MySQL.